Management has been viewed as a function, a process, a profession and a class of people. It refers to the kind of task and activities that are perform by managers. The specific nature of the activities is determined by such managerial functions as planning, organising, directing, leadership and controlling.
- Planning – It is the process of deciding in advance the courses of action to be followed and when and how to undertake these. Its objectives in the best possible manner and for anticipating future opportunities and problems.
- Organising – It is formal grouping of people and activities to facilitate achievement of the farm’s objectives. It is need for assigning responsibilities, jobs and hierarchy among personnel.
- Controlling – It is the checking the progress of plans and correcting any deviations that may occur along the way.
- Directing – It is the process of activating the plans, structure and group efforts desired direction. It is needed for implementation of plans by providing desired leadership motivation and proper communication.
The management can be group into 3 hierarchical levels –
- Top or Strategic management
- Middle or Tactical management
- Junior or Operational management
Top Management
It is establishes the policies, plans, objectives and budget framework under which various departments will operate of the organisation. The top management performs strategic planning and the other two levels provide support in the form of processed information.
Middle Management
t has the responsibility of implementing the policies and overall plans of the top management. The middle management level performs tactical planning and control, and needs information to discharge these managerial functions.
Junior Management
It has the responsibility of implementing day to day operations and decisions of the middle management to produce goods and services to meet the revenue, profit and other goals. The junior level is involved in day to day operational control and needs information for its working.
Business organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels – Senior anagement, Middle management, and Operational management. Information systems serve each of these levels. Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle management.
